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The often has important religious significance. Many religions have associated with the sky.

The daytime sky deities are typically distinct from the nighttime ones. 's Motif-Index of Folk-Literature reflects this by separating the category of "Sky-god" (A210) from that of "Star-god" (A250). In mythology, nighttime gods are usually known as night deities and gods of stars simply as star gods. Both of these categories are included here since they relate to the sky. Luminary deities are included as well since the sun and moon are located in the sky. Some religions may also have a deity or personification of the day, distinct from the god of the day lit sky, to complement the deity or personification of the night.

Daytime gods and nighttime gods are frequently deities of an "upper world" or "celestial world" opposed to the earth and a "" (gods of the underworld are sometimes called "chthonic" deities). Within Greek mythology, Uranus was the primordial sky god, who was ultimately succeeded by , who ruled the celestial realm atop . In contrast to the celestial was the chthonic deity , who ruled the underworld, and , who ruled the sea.

Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorized as "" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "sky father" god with an "" goddess (pairings of a sky mother with an earth father are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with "sky" not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called Queen of Heaven.

Gods may rule the sky as a pair (for example, ancient Semitic supreme god El and the fertility goddess whom he was most likely paired with).El was identified with the obscure deity in early Hebrew religion, ultimately giving rise to Hebrew monotheism by the 7th century BCE; according to the it was 7th-century Judean king who removed the statue of Asherah from the temple of Yahweh in Jerusalem. See also The Hebrew Goddess. The following is a list of sky deities in various polytheistic traditions arranged mostly by language family, which is typically a better indicator of relatedness than geography.

African
Central African

East African

Ancient Egypt
  • , Ancient Egyptian god of creation and the wind
  • , Ancient Egyptian originally a foreign war god
  • , Ancient Egyptian originally a sky goddess
  • , Ancient Egyptian god of the sun, sky, kings, and war
  • , Ancient Egyptian moon god
  • , Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky
  • Nut, Ancient Egyptian goddess of the sky
  • Ra, Ancient Egyptian god of the sun that ruled the sky, earth and underworld
  • Shu, Ancient Egyptian god of the air
  • , Ancient Egyptian original moon god

Southern African

West African

European
Proto-Indo-European
  • Dyeus, the chief of the Proto-Indo-European religion
  • , dawn goddess and daughter of Dyeus
  • Menot, moon deity
  • Sehul, sun deity

Albanian
  • Zojz, the sky-god
  • Dielli, the Sun
  • Hëna, the Moon
  • , the dawn, Venus

Baltic
  • Auštaras, the god of the northeast wind
  • , the god of the day-lit sky and the chief god in Latvian mythology
  • , the god of the wind who guards the divine realm of Dausos

Celtic
  • , sky and mountain god equated with the Greek gods Zeus and Ares
  • , god of the sky, wind, and war
  • , goddess of the hot springs at Bath; probably originally the pan-Celtic sun goddess
  • , god of rain, sky and hail equated to the Roman god Jupiter
  • , god of thunder and the sky, name .

English
  • , goddess of "Infinite Space and Infinite Stars" in

Germanic
  • , personification of day
  • , spring and fertility goddess; originally the Germanic dawn goddess
  • Mēnô, the moon
  • Nótt, personification of night
  • Sōwilō, the sun
  • , early Germanic sky god, also the god of law, justice, and the thing (assembly)
  • , God of Sky, Strength and thunder, champion of the deities. Equated with Jupiter

Greek
  • Aether, primeval god of the upper air
  • , god of the sun, archery, prophecy, medicine, plagues...
  • , goddess of the moon, hunt, virginity, childbirth...
  • , dusk god
  • , dawn goddess
  • , personification/titan of the sun
  • , primordial goddess of day
  • , goddess of the air, marriage, women, women's fertility, childbirth, heirs, kings, and empires
  • Iris, goddess of the rainbow and messenger of Hera
  • , cloud nymph in Hera's likeness
  • , primordial goddess of night
  • , personification/titan of the moon
  • Uranus, primeval god of the sky
  • , king of the gods, ruler of , god of the sky, weather, law, order, and civilization

Messapian
  • Zis, god of the sky

Roman
  • Aurora, dawn goddess
  • , personification of the sky, equivalent to the Greek Uranus
  • Juno, goddess of the sky, queen of the gods, and Jupiter's wife, equivalent to the Greek
  • Jupiter, king of heaven and god of the sky and weather, equivalent to the Greek
  • Luna, moon goddess
  • Nox, Roman version of Nyx, night goddess and mother of Discordia
  • Sol, sun god
  • , god of nocturnal thunder/lightning

Slavic
  • (or ), god of the Sun
  • , god of the Moon
  • , god of the winds, sky, and air
  • , god of the thunderstorms, lightning and sky.
  • Triglav, a triple god whose three heads represent sky, earth, and underworld
  • , goddess of dawn

Thracian and Phrygian

Asian
Western Asian
  • , sky goddess and consort of El; after the rise of Yahweh, she may have become Yahweh's consort before she was demonized and the Israelite religion became monotheistic
  • , "Lord of the Heavens" (cf. Armenian )
  • El (god), original sky god and sky father of the Semitic speakers (replaced by Yahweh among Israelites)

Iranian

Central Asian
Turkic and Mongolic
Hindu

Eastern Asian
Vietnamese
  • Ông Trời, sky god in Vietnamese indigenous religion
  • Ông Tử Vi, king of the stars
  • Mẫu Cửu Trùng Thiên, she is the daughter of Ông Trời, the sister of the Mẫu Thượng Thiên, Mặt Trời, Mặt Trăng and also a goddess who rules the sky
  • Mẫu Thượng Thiên, she is the daughter of Ông Trời and also one of the rulers of the sky
  • Pháp Vân, cloud goddess
  • Thần Mặt Trời, goddess of the sun, daughter of Ông Trời
  • Thần Mặt Trăng, goddess of the moon, daughter of Ông Trời
  • Hằng Nga, the goddess who lives on the moon with uncle Cuội and

Thai

Chinese
  • Yu Huang Dadi- (center)
  • Ziwei Dadi-polestar emperor (north)
  • Changsheng Dadi-longevity emperor (south)
  • Qinghua Dadi-azure-illustrious emperor (east)
  • Taiji Tianhuang Dadi-ultimate heaven emperor (west)
  • Chang'e, moon goddess who lives with the
  • , the celestial emperor
  • or Heaven
  • Xihe (deity), sun goddess
  • Zhinü, weaver of the clouds
  • Xian, Taoist spirits associated with the sky and tian

Japanese
  • , goddess of the sun and the universe, ancestor of the emperors of Japan, and the most important deity in .
  • , heavenly ancestral god.
  • , creator of Japan and .
  • , creator goddess of Japan with her husband; starts off as a sky goddess, but after she dies becomes a death/underworld/chthonic goddess.
  • Marici, Buddhist goddess of the heavens.
  • , god of the moon and brother of Amaterasu.

Korean
The Americas
Haitian

Incan

Inuit

Iroquoian

Lakota
  • Anpao wichapi, the Morning Star spirit, bringer of knowledge and new beginnings
  • Han, the spirit of night, representative of ignorance
  • Wanbli Gleska, the Spotted Eagle spirit, usually regarded as Wakan Thanka
  • Hanwi, the moon spirit of knowledge, feminine power, sometimes considered to be the wife of Wi
  • Mahpiya Oyate, the Cloud People, also known as the Wichapi Oyate (Star People)
  • , the spirit of meteors or falling stars (often confused with Fallen Star), also the spirit of beauty, love, wishes, dreams, and prophecy
  • , thunder spirit usually taking the form of a bird
  • Wi, the sun spirit responsible for bringing light and wisdom to the Lakota oyate
  • Wichapi oyate, the Star People, each having respective powers however they usually represent knowledge to some degree
  • Wichapi Hinhpaya, the Fallen Star, the son of Wichapi owáŋžila and Tapun Sa Win
  • Wichapi owáŋžila, the Resting Star or , the widower of Tapun Sa Win (Red Cheeked Woman)

Lencans
  • Itanipuca, sky father and god of celestial bodies
  • Icelca, god of time and seasons

Mayan

Puebloans

Taíno mythology
  • Yaya, supreme god in Taíno mythology

Uto-Aztecan

Australian

Burmese

Etruscan
  • Ani, primordial god of the sky identified with the Greek Uranus and Roman Caelus
  • , god of the sky

Filipino
  • llanit: a group of Isnag sky dwellers who are helpful harvest spiritsVanoverbergh, M. (1941). The Isneg Farmer. Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Vol. III, No. 4.

Hurrian
  • , goddess of the sky
  • , god of the sky and storms

Meitei/Sanamahism
  • , the sky god and the Supreme Deity
  • Salailen (Soraren), father sky who help humans to build a civilisation
  • Konthoujam Tampha Lairembi, queen of heaven
  • , sky and sun god
  • , celestial dragon lion
  • , thunder and lightning goddess
  • , celestial dragon god
  • , heavenly dragon god
  • Sajik (Arietis)
  • Thaba (Musca)
  • , ancestral God descended from the heaven
  • Khongjom Nubi (Pleiades)
  • Apaknga (Lunar mansions)
  • Sachung Telheiba (A Orionis)
  • Likla Saphaba (Orion)
  • Chingcharoibi (G Geminorum)
  • Chungshennubi (Cancer)

Malagasy

Māori
  • Ao, god of light and the sky
  • Ranginui, sky father
  • Tāwhaki Being of thunder and lightning
  • Tāwhirimātea God of weather, storms, thunder and lightning
  • , personification of shimmering air
  • Personification of lightning
  • Female Personification of Thunder
  • , god of rainbows

Other Pacific Islanders
  • , sky goddess
  • , sky demon of
  • Atua I Kafika, supreme sky god of
  • Ira, Polynesian sky goddess
  • Laufakana'a, creator god and sky father
  • Tangaloa, Tongan sky god

Sumerian
  • , god of the sky
  • , king of the gods, associated with the sky, heaven, and constellations
  • , god of breath, air, and wind
  • , god of the sun

Uralic
Finnic

Mari
  • Kugu Jumo, chief god of the sky, creator of the world, associated with a duck
  • Tõlze, god of the moon
  • Piambar, daughter of the sky
  • Shudyr-Shamich, god of the stars
  • Uzhara, god of the dawn

Mordvin
  • Värde-Škaj, supreme god of the sky
  • Niškepaz, supreme god of the sky
  • Kovava, Mokshan goddess of the moon

Permic

Sami
  • , Sami god of the sky, thunder and lightning, the rainbow, weather, oceans, lakes, human life, health and well-being.
  • Mano, god of the moon

Samoyedic
  • Num, god of the sky

Ugric

See also

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